Req 1c — Fixed Wing vs. Rotary Wing

All aircraft that are heavier than air need wings to fly. The big question is: how do those wings move through the air to generate lift? That single question divides aircraft into two major families.

Fixed-Wing Aircraft

A fixed-wing aircraft has wings that are rigidly attached to the fuselage. The wings do not move on their own — instead, the entire airplane moves forward through the air, and that forward motion causes air to flow over the wings and generate lift.

Think of it this way: a fixed-wing aircraft must keep moving forward to stay in the air. If it slows down too much, the wings stop generating enough lift and the aircraft stalls — meaning it can no longer maintain altitude.

Benefits of fixed-wing aircraft:

• Speed: Fixed-wing airplanes are generally faster than helicopters. Commercial jets cruise at 500–600 mph, while the fastest helicopters top out around 250 mph.
• Range: Airplanes can fly farther on the same amount of fuel because forward flight is more aerodynamically efficient.
• Fuel efficiency: The streamlined shape and forward-flight design mean airplanes burn less fuel per mile than helicopters.
• Payload capacity: Airplanes can carry heavier loads — from passengers to military cargo — over long distances.
• Altitude: Fixed-wing aircraft can fly at higher altitudes, above weather and turbulence.

Examples: Cessna 172, Boeing 737, F-16 fighter jet, gliders

Rotary-Wing Aircraft

A rotary-wing aircraft — most commonly a helicopter — has wings that spin. The rotor blades on top of a helicopter are actually long, narrow wings rotating in a circle. As they spin, they push air downward and generate lift, even when the aircraft is not moving forward.

Because the rotor generates lift independently of forward motion, rotary-wing aircraft can do things that fixed-wing aircraft cannot:

Benefits of rotary-wing aircraft:

• Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL): Helicopters do not need a runway. They can take off and land in a parking lot, a rooftop, a forest clearing, or a ship deck.
• Hovering: A helicopter can stay in one spot in the air — critical for rescue hoists, aerial crane work, and surveillance.
• Low-speed flight: Helicopters can fly slowly or even backward, making them ideal for search patterns and precision work.
• Access to confined areas: Helicopters can reach places no airplane can, like mountain ledges, offshore platforms, and dense urban areas.

Examples: Bell 206, Black Hawk (UH-60), CH-47 Chinook, Robinson R22

So Which Is Better?

Neither — they are built for different jobs. That is the key insight your counselor is looking for. Aviation is about picking the right tool for the mission.

What About Tiltrotors?

Some aircraft try to get the best of both worlds. The V-22 Osprey, used by the U.S. Marine Corps, has rotors that point upward for vertical takeoff and then tilt forward for high-speed cruising flight. It can hover like a helicopter and fly fast like an airplane — but it is more complex and expensive than either.