# Algebraic Notation

Part of the Chess Merit Badge Digital Resource Guide: [Introduction & Overview](https://merit-badge.university/merit-badges/chess/guide/index.md)

*4. Mastering the Game*

> **4a.** Demonstrate scorekeeping using the algebraic system of chess notation.

Every serious chess game is recorded move by move. Algebraic notation is the universal language for writing down chess moves — once you learn it, you can read games played by grandmasters, record your own games for review, and communicate positions with anyone in the world.

## The Coordinate System

Think of the chessboard as a grid. Each square has a unique name made up of a **letter** (the column, called a "file") and a **number** (the row, called a "rank"):

- **Files** are labeled **a** through **h**, from White's left to right.
- **Ranks** are labeled **1** through **8**, from White's side to Black's side.

So the bottom-left square (from White's perspective) is **a1**, and the top-right square is **h8**. White's king starts on **e1**; Black's king starts on **e8**.

```
8  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·
7  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·
6  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·
5  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·
4  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·
3  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·
2  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·
1  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·
   a  b  c  d  e  f  g  h
```

> **Tip**
>
> Practice naming squares by pointing to random squares on a board and calling out their coordinates. Then try it in reverse: have a friend call out "f5" and you point to the correct square. Speed and accuracy with coordinates make notation second nature.

## Writing Moves

Each move is written with the **piece symbol** followed by the **destination square**.

| Symbol | Piece |
|--------|-------|
| K | King |
| Q | Queen |
| R | Rook |
| B | Bishop |
| N | Knight |
| *(none)* | Pawn |

**Examples:**
- **e4** — a pawn moves to e4 (no letter for pawns)
- **Nf3** — a knight moves to f3
- **Bb5** — a bishop moves to b5
- **Qd7** — the queen moves to d7
- **O-O** — kingside castling
- **O-O-O** — queenside castling

### Captures

Use an **x** between the piece symbol and the destination square:
- **Bxf7** — a bishop captures on f7
- **exd5** — a pawn on the e-file captures on d5 (for pawn captures, include the file the pawn came from)

### Special Symbols

| Symbol | Meaning |
|--------|---------|
| **x** | Capture |
| **+** | Check |
| **#** | Checkmate |
| **=Q** | Pawn promotion to queen (or =R, =B, =N) |
| **e.p.** | En passant (optional — many players just write the move) |
| **!** | Good move |
| **?** | Mistake |
| **!!** | Brilliant move |
| **??** | Blunder |

> **Did You Know?**
>
> The notation system used today was standardized in the 1970s. Before that, many countries used "descriptive notation," which named squares relative to each side (e.g., "P-K4" for "Pawn to King 4"). Algebraic notation is simpler because every square has one fixed name regardless of which side you are playing.

## Recording a Game: The Score Sheet

In tournaments, players are required to record every move on a **score sheet**. Each move is numbered, with White's move first and Black's move second:

```
1. e4    e5
2. Nf3   Nc6
3. Bb5   a6
4. Ba4   Nf6
5. O-O   Be7
```

This is the opening of a real game — the **Ruy Lopez**, one of the oldest and most popular chess openings. You will learn more about it in [Req 4c](https://merit-badge.university/merit-badges/chess/guide/req4c/).

## Disambiguating Moves

Sometimes two pieces of the same type can move to the same square. In that case, include extra information to clarify which piece moved:

- **Rae1** — the rook on the a-file moves to e1 (to distinguish it from the rook on, say, f1)
- **N5d4** — the knight on the 5th rank moves to d4 (to distinguish it from a knight on, say, f3)
- **Raxd1** — the rook on the a-file captures on d1

## Practice Exercise

Here is a short game (Scholar's Mate — you will study this in [Req 4d](https://merit-badge.university/merit-badges/chess/guide/req4d/)). Practice reading it move by move:

```
1. e4    e5
2. Bc4   Nc6
3. Qh5   Nf6??
4. Qxf7#
```

Read it aloud: "One, pawn to e4, pawn to e5. Two, bishop to c4, knight to c6. Three, queen to h5, knight to f6 — blunder. Four, queen takes f7, checkmate."

![Close-up photograph of a chess tournament score sheet partially filled out with algebraic notation, a pen resting on the paper](https://ik.imagekit.io/doulacoop/tr:w-800/mbu-assets/merit-badges/chess/guide/chess-score-sheet?v=eb2a2f86)

**Notation Skills to Demonstrate** — Your counselor will want to see you can do all of these

- [ ] Name any square on the board by its coordinates.
- [ ] Write moves using correct piece symbols and destination squares.
- [ ] Record captures with the "x" symbol.
- [ ] Note check (+) and checkmate (#) correctly.
- [ ] Record castling as O-O or O-O-O.
- [ ] Record at least one complete game on a score sheet.

[Lichess — Learn Chess Notation](https://lichess.org/learn#/15): Interactive notation trainer that tests your ability to identify squares and read algebraic notation.

Now that you can read and write the language of chess, let's explore the three phases that every game passes through.

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- Previous: [Five Ways to Draw](https://merit-badge.university/merit-badges/chess/guide/req3d/index.md)
- Next: [Opening, Middle & Endgame](https://merit-badge.university/merit-badges/chess/guide/req4b/index.md)