Requirements

1. 1

   1. What Oceanography Covers

   Branches of Oceanography

   Name four branches of oceanography. Describe at least five reasons why it is important for people to learn about the oceans.
2. 2

   2. How the Ocean Works

   Seawater, Currents & Climate

   Explain the following terms: salinity, temperature, and density. Describe how these important properties of seawater are measured by an oceanographer. Discuss the circulation and currents of the ocean. Describe the effects of the oceans on weather and climate.
3. 3

   3. Ocean Motion

   Waves, Breakers & Rip Currents

   Do all

   Describe the characteristics of ocean waves and do the following:

   1. a.

      Point out the differences among the storm surge, tsunami, tidal wave, and tidal bore.

   2. b.

      Explain the difference between sea, swell, and surf.

   3. c.

      Explain how breakers are formed.

   4. d.

      Explain what a rip current is, how to avoid them, and what to do if you are caught in one.

4. 4

   4. Underwater Landscapes

   The Shape of the Seafloor

   Do all

   Draw a cross-section of underwater topography. Name and put on your drawing the following: seamount, guyot, rift valley, canyon, trench, and oceanic ridge. Compare the depths in the oceans with the heights of mountains on land. Show what is meant by:

   1. Continental shelf

      a Continental shelf

   2. Continental slope

      b Continental slope

   3. Abyssal plain

      c Abyssal plain
5. 5

   5. Ocean Chemistry

   Seawater Chemistry

   List the main salts, gases, and nutrients in seawater. Describe some important properties of water. Tell how the animals and plants of the ocean affect the chemical composition of seawater. Explain how differences in evaporation and precipitation affect the salt content of the oceans.
6. 6

   6. Ocean Ecology

   Life in Seawater

   Describe some of the biologically important properties of seawater. Define benthos, nekton, and plankton. Name some of the plants and animals that make up each of these groups. Describe the place and importance of phytoplankton in the oceanic food chain.
7. 7

   7. Hands-On Investigation

   Choose an Ocean Investigation

   Choose 1

   Do ONE of the following:

   1. a

      Catch & Identify Plankton

      Make a plankton net. Tow the net by a dock, wade with it, hold it in a current, or tow it from a rowboat. Do this for about 20 minutes. Save the sample. Examine it under a microscope or high-power glass. Identify the three most common types of plankton in the sample. Note: May be done in lakes or streams.
   2. b

      Build a Coral Reef Model

      Make a series of models (clay or plaster and wood) of a volcanic island. Show the growth of an atoll from a fringing reef through a barrier reef. Describe the Darwinian theory of coral reef formation.
   3. c

      Track Water Conditions

      Measure the water temperature at the surface, midwater, and bottom of a body of water four times daily for five consecutive days. You may measure depth with a rock tied to a line. Make a Secchi disk to measure turbidity (how much suspended sedimentation is in the water). Measure the air temperature. Note the cloud cover and roughness of the water. Show your findings (air and water temperature, turbidity) on a graph. Tell how the water temperature changes with air temperature.
   4. d

      Model Sediment Movement

      Make a model showing the inshore sediment movement by littoral currents, tidal movement, and wave action. Include such formations as high and low waterlines, low-tide terrace, berm, and coastal cliffs. Show how offshore bars are built up and torn down.
   5. e

      Build a Wave Tank

      Make a wave generator. Show reflection and refraction of waves. Show how groins, jetties, and breakwaters affect these patterns.
   6. f

      Track Satellite Images

      With your counselor’s and parent or guardian’s approval and permission, track and monitor satellite images available on the internet for a specific location for three weeks. Describe what you have learned to your counselor.
8. 8

   8. Share What You Learned

   Choose a Reporting Project

   Choose 1

   Do ONE of the following:

   1. a

      Read and Report on a Book

      Write a 500-word report on a book about oceanography approved by your counselor.
   2. b

      Visit an Ocean Science Site

      Choose 1

      Visit one of the following and write a 500-word report about your visit.

      1. 1

         Tour a Research Ship

         Oceanographic research ship
      2. 2

         Visit a Marine Lab or Aquarium

         Oceanographic institute, marine laboratory, or marine aquarium
   3. c

      Give an Oceanography Speech

      Explain to your troop, in a five-minute prepared speech “Why Oceanography Is Important,” or describe “Career Opportunities in Oceanography.” (Before making your speech, show your speech outline to your counselor for approval.)
9. 9

   9. How Scientists Investigate

   Tools of Ocean Science

   Describe four methods that marine scientists use to investigate the ocean, underlying geology, and organisms living in the water.