Req 2B-f — Components of a Load

A muzzleloading shotgun charge is assembled by the shooter, one component at a time, directly into the barrel. Every component matters—getting the sequence wrong or using the wrong amount can cause a dangerous failure.

The Components, in Loading Order

1. Powder Charge

A measured amount of FFg (2F) black powder. The charge is measured by volume using a powder measure or pre-measured tubes—never weighed on a scale (black powder loads are specified by volume, not weight). The amount depends on the gauge and the manufacturer’s recommendations for your specific gun. A typical 12-gauge muzzleloading shotgun uses 70–90 grains (by volume) of FFg.

2. Over-Powder Wad

A thick, firm wad placed directly on top of the powder charge. Its job is to seal the bore so that expanding gases push the shot forward instead of leaking past it. Traditional over-powder wads are made of fiber (cardboard) or felt. Some shooters use a plastic wad cup similar to modern shotshell wads.

3. Cushion Wad (Optional)

A softer wad placed on top of the over-powder wad. The cushion wad compresses during the initial acceleration, reducing deformation of the shot pellets. This improves pattern quality. Fiber or felt cushion wads are common.

4. Shot Charge

Loose shot pellets poured on top of the wad stack. The shot charge is also measured by volume. The amount and size of shot depend on the target and the gauge. For clay targets, No. 7½ or No. 8 shot is typical.

5. Over-Shot Wad (Card)

A thin, firm cardboard disc placed on top of the shot charge and pressed down snugly. The over-shot wad holds the shot in place so pellets do not roll out of the muzzle when the barrel is tilted forward. Some shooters seal the edge with a light dab of beeswax or glue, but this is optional.

Why the Sequence Matters

The components form a sealed column inside the barrel. If you reverse the order—shot below powder, for example—the gun will not fire correctly and could be dangerous. If you leave out the over-powder wad, gas leaks around the shot and the charge scatters ineffectively. If you use too much powder, chamber pressure can exceed what the barrel is designed to handle.

The Counselor Conversation

Be ready to name all five components in order and explain what each one does. Your counselor may ask you to walk through the loading sequence verbally before you do it live on the range in Req 2B-g.